Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Canola Oil to Biodiesel under Single- and Two-Phase Reaction Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were performed at ambient temperature to investigate the effects of mass transfer during the transesterification reaction of canola oil with methanol (MeOH) to form fatty acid methyl esters using a sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) catalyst at a MeOH/oil molar ratio of 6:1. Experiments at ambient conditions resulted in reaction rates that were slow enough to permit the effects of mass transfer on the transesterification reaction to become more evident than at higher temperatures. For the two-phase experiments, it was postulated that the reaction occurred at the interface between the phases where the triglycerides (TG), MeOH, and H 2 SO 4 were in contact with one another. The influence of mass transfer was investigated by (a) comparing a mixed versus quiescent two-phase reaction and (b) changing a two-phase reaction to a single-phase reaction through the addition of a solvent, tetrahydrofuran. The experiments revealed the presence of an induction period prior to the initiation of the reaction, and some of the factors influencing the induction period were identified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".