Phylogeny of the genus <i>Scathophaga</i> (Diptera: Scathophagidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scathophaga stercoraria has been used for a large number of studies in animal ecology and evolution. Morphological phylogenetic work on the relationships among flies of the family Scathophagidae in general, and the genus Scathophaga in particular, has led to limited or incomplete conclusions. We addressed these relationships by sequencing 810 base pairs (bp) from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and 738 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene in 16 species of Scathophagidae. Phylogenetic analysis of these two protein-coding genes allows us to resolve relatively well the relationships within the genus Scathophaga, using both separate and combined (COI + Cyt b) data. Most of the phylogenetic trees generated by our data support the following relationships: (((S. analis + S. inquinata) + S. lutaria) + S. cineraria + (S. taeniopa + S. suilla + S. incola) + S. furcata + S. tropicalis). The most noteworthy findings are that (i) S. obscura and S. tinctinervis, which were formerly placed in the genus Coniosternum, form a sibling species cluster; (ii) S. taeniopa and S. suilla, which are morphologically very similar species, are clearly distinct taxa; (iii) S. analis, considered a doubtful species in the Catalogue of Palearctic Diptera, could be a synonym of S. inquinata; and (iv) the South American S. tropicalis and the Old World S. stercoraria are not sister-species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".