Generalized non-local means filtering for image denoising
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non-local means (NLM) filtering has been shown to outperform alternative denoising methodologies under the model of additive white Gaussian noise contamination. Recently, several theoretical frameworks have been developed to extend this class of algorithms to more general types of noise statistics. However, many of these frameworks are specifically designed for a single noise contamination model, and are far from optimal across varying noise statistics. The NLM filtering techniques rely on the definition of a similarity measure, which quantifies the similarity of two neighbourhoods along with their respective centroids. The key to the unification of the NLM filter for different noise statistics lies in the definition of a universal similarity measure which is guaranteed to provide favourable performance irrespective of the statistics of the noise. Accordingly, the main contribution of this work is to provide a rigorous statistical framework to derive such a universal similarity measure, while highlighting some of its theoretical and practical favourable characteristics. Additionally, the closed form expressions of the proposed similarity measure are provided for a number of important noise scenarios and the practical utility of the proposed similarity measure is demonstrated through numerical experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".