Lattice-Boltzmann simulation of solvent diffusion into oil-saturated porous media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We simulated the diffusion process into oil-saturated porous media using the modified diffusion-limited aggregation and the lattice Boltzmann method algorithms. The results were matched to visual experiments for cocurrent (two sides of the model open to flow) and countercurrent (only one side of the model open to flow) diffusion for horizontally and vertically positioned samples. The model saturated with oil was exposed to pentane in order for a miscible interaction to take place. These experiments mimic the transfer between the rock matrix and fracture during gas or liquid solvent injection for enhanced oil recovery, underground waste disposal, groundwater contamination, and CO2 sequestration in naturally fractured reservoirs. Finger development at the early stages of the process was controlled by oil viscosity and the interaction type dictated by the boundary conditions. The convective transport driven by the buoyancy that was experimentally observed on vertically oriented samples and transfer driven by diffusion on the horizontal ones were captured in the LBM simulation of the process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".