Entrainment due to a thermal impinging on a stratified interface with and without buoyancy reversal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to understand the interaction between a rising thermal and an inversion in the atmosphere and to quantify the turbulent entrainment rate due to a thermal impingement on a stratified interface. This problem was simulated in the laboratory using a water tank. The thermal is created by releasing a small volume of buoyant fluid into a stratified environment composed of two layers of different densities. A thin interface separates the lower layer from the lighter upper layer. The entrainment of upper layer fluid into the thermal is investigated using a passive dye flow visualization technique. The entrainment rate is found to obey aRi−3/2power law, as predicted byCotel and Breidenthal[1997]. The effect of simulated evaporative cooling on the entrainment of a thermal impinging on a stratified interface is also investigated experimentally. Evaporative cooling in atmospheric clouds is simulated in the laboratory using alcohol‐water mixtures, so that the mixed fluid is denser than either parent parcel. This is realized in the laboratory by releasing a mixture of ethyl alcohol and ethylene glycol in an aqueous solution. It rises first through a relatively dense lower layer fluid and then impinges on a thin stratified interface, above which is a layer of relatively light fluid. The entrainment rate for values of the buoyancy reversal parameterD*between 0 and 0.5 was found to obey aRi−3/2power law. The entrainment rate is independent ofD*between 0 and 0.5 for a range of Richardson numbersRifrom 3 to 25. This is consistent with the behavior of the buoyancy‐reversing thermal in an unstratified environment observed byJohari[1992].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".