Thermodynamic and Aggregation Properties of Gemini Surfactants with Hydroxyl Substituted Spacers in Aqueous Solution
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Critical micelle concentration (cmc), degree of micelle ionization (α), headgroup area ( a 0 ), mean aggregation number, enthalpy of micellization (Δ H M ), and volume of micellization (Δ V φ,M ) properties are reported for a series of gemini surfactants, 12−4(OH) n −12 ( n = 0, 1, or 2), with increasing hydroxyl substitution within the spacer group. The cmc and mean aggregation numbers are observed to decrease with increased hydroxyl substitution consistent with increasing hydrophilicity of the headgroup. Both a 0 and α are unaffected by hydroxyl substitution. Δ H M ° is observed to decrease (become more exothermic) with increased substitution of the spacer group, while Δ V φ,M is observed to increase. These observations are rationalized in terms of changes in the solvation and conformation of the spacer group at the micelle−bulk solution interface. Free energies of micellization, Δ G M °, and entropies of micellization, Δ S M °, are calculated from the Δ H M °, cmc, and α values. The results indicate that the micellization process for all surfactants is entropy-driven.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it