Scaled physical and numerical modelling of static soil pressures on box culverts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The response of buried box culverts is a complex soil–structure interaction problem, where the relative stiffness between the soil and structure is a critical factor. In addition, soil arching is an important aspect of the soil–culvert interaction problem. A series of static scaled physical model centrifuge tests were performed to investigate soil–culvert interaction. Two different box culvert thicknesses and Nevada sand specimens with different relative densities were used to explore the interaction between the sand and box culverts under different conditions. The static loading consisted of the self-weight from the soil body. The responses of the box culvert were recorded for all loading conditions. The results were evaluated in terms of bending moment, soil pressure, and soil–culvert interaction factors. Soil pressures were evaluated using different experimental methods, which provided comparable results. The soil pressure observed on the culvert top slab showed parabolic distribution, i.e., higher values at the edges and lower at the centre than the theoretical vertical soil (overburden) pressure. The horizontal soil pressure on the side wall increased with depth. The soil–culvert interaction factors decreased at the centre and increased at the edges of the top slab, as the thickness and relative stiffness of the culvert decreased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".