Bibliographic record
Abstract
Empirical literature states over the last 10 years that fiscal policy in developing countries is pro-cyclical comparing to industrial countries where it is countercyclical or acyclical. Some researchers have questioned this assumption and they criticized that empirical literature ignored endogeneity problems related to developing countries. For instance, the critical issues such as growth, poverty reduction, and social peace are all undermined when public expenditures management and taxation system are weak, and when the fiscal deficit and public debt are not successfully managed. CFA Zone governments have to found out how to mobilize revenues and to wisely spend it on infrastructures, public goods, services, health care programs and education in order to reach their macroeconomic goals and to improve general welfare. CFA franc Zone countries as many Sub-Saharan African economies are regularly characterized by a broad range of political and economical instabilities that prevent them to implement efficient fiscal and monetary policies. To settle this issue this paper investigates fiscal policy of selected African countries named CFA Zone Countries, and how they attempt to respond to the global financial crisis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".