A Microreactor for Microwave-Assisted Capillary (Continuous Flow) Organic Synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A capillary-based flow system has been developed for conducting microscale organic synthesis with the aid of microwave irradiation. The capillary internal diameter investigated ranged from 200 to 1200 mum, while the flow rate was varied between 2 and 40 muL/min, which corresponds to the sample being irradiated approximately 4 min. Other parameters investigated include reaction concentration and power setting of the microwave. Excellent conversion was observed in a variety of cross coupling and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions employing metal catalysts and in nucleophilic aromatic substitution and Wittig reactions that do not employ metals. Reactions that have solids in them do not seem to pose a significant concern for the method, such as blocked channels. It was shown that capillaries coated internally with thin films of Pd metal show tremendous rate accelerations and that the thin films themselves are capable of catalyzing Suzuki-Miyaura reactions with no exogenous catalyst added. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that reagents in separate syringes can be coinjected into the capillary, mix, and react with none of the laminar flow problems that plague microreactor (lab on a chip) technology. This paves the way to use microwave-assisted, flow capillary synthesis as a powerful and efficient means to replace "one-at-a-time" microwave synthesis to provide libraries of compounds in a scale suitable for biological screening purposes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".