A Modular Balancing Bridge for Series Connected Voltage Sources
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The operation of a nondissipative cascaded modular balancing bridge is described for automatically balancing series connected voltage sources, such as lithium-ion battery cells or capacitors. Automatic voltage balancing is achieved using coupled inductors; modularization and voltage balancing is achieved across N cells using cascaded transformers with coupled windings. The elementary modular bridge consists of four windings placed on a single core and is excited by an asymmetric half-bridge. Two of these windings are used to automatically balance voltages across two voltage sources, while the remaining two windings magnetically cascade one bridge with its neighboring bridges to balance N voltage sources. This configuration allows for the voltage balancing of N voltage sources using N/2 identical transformers, and N/2 asymmetric bridges. The voltage balancing action of the resultant magnetically coupled cascaded asymmetric bridges can be broken into two categories: intrabridge voltage balancing (within a single bridge) and interbridge voltage balancing (between neighboring bridges). Design parameters relating to automatic voltage balancing are highlighted, as the approach is more cost effective than methods using directed, or individualized, voltage balancing of each voltage source. The physical size considerations of the four winding coupled inductor are discussed and a lithium-ion battery-based experimental prototype is used to verify simulated results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".