A speed regulating scheme for air-turbine dental handpieces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Air-turbine dental handpieces (ATDH) are used in most of dental practices as the main cutting tool. However, the speed of these handpieces is reduced while cutting a tooth; because no speed controller has been provided for them. This speed-reduction decreases the cutting efficiency of air-turbine handpieces. A review of literature indicated no study concerned with designing a speed controller for ATDH. Thus, in this paper, a control scheme is proposed for regulating the speed including `measurement', `actuation', and `controller-design' stages. An accelerometer was employed to capture vibrations of the handpiece; and the frequency associated with the first peak in the spectrum was indicated to represent the speed. An on/off solenoid valve with pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique was employed to regulate the speed through controlling the input pressure to the handpiece. Changing the duty-cycle of the PWM pulses could vary the speed. A process model from the applied duty-cycle to the measured speed was obtained. This process model includes a linear dynamic and a nonlinear static part. Then, a proportional-integral- (PI) controller was selected, and the gains were tuned. The practicality and efficiency of the proposed control scheme with the PI controller was confirmed by experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".