Metabolic differentiation in actively swarming <i>Salmonella</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most current paradigms of microbial metabolism have been derived from studying cells grown under a variety of nutrient compositions in aqueous environments. With recent advances in genomics and experimental techniques, alternative forms of bacterial growth are increasingly being explored. When propagated on nutrient-rich semi-solid media, several species of bacteria undergo a morphological differentiation into swarmers that are capable of migrating on surfaces. Recent studies indicate that swarmer differentiation represents much more than a motility phenotype, as several clinically important attributes are also co-regulated. We demonstrate that migrating swarmer cells of Salmonella are metabolically differentiated compared to the vegetative swimmer cells grown in the same nutrient environment. Furthermore, once the cells have differentiated, the swarmers remain in this physiological state under conditions that do not promote the initial differentiation. The bacterium's capacity to override some of the classic paradigms of metabolic regulation established in aqueous environments represents a unique physiological response by the pathogen that may be advantageous in polymicrobial environments such as the host.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".