Experimental Investigation of In-Situ Combustion at Low Air Fluxes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary The oil industry has inherited a mixed history of success and failure of application of air injection as an enhanced-oil-recovery method. Close scrutiny of these projects shows that in order to conduct a successful in-situ-combustion-oil-recovery project, sustained propagation of the combustion front within the reservoirs is necessary. Sufficient air must be supplied to maintain the propagating combustion front in the desired bond-scission (carbon-oxide-forming) mode, otherwise unfavourable oxygen addition [i.e., low-temperature-oxidation (LTO) reactions] will consume oxygen and immobilize oil. When this happens, the combustion process is deemed to be exhausted. Quantification of the minimum air flux required for sustaining combustion-zone propagation is needed to properly match the capacity of the air-injection facility to the volume of the reservoir that is to be swept by the thermal zone. Undersizing the air-injection capacity causes the in-situ-combustion process to become inefficient at a point when only a small portion of the reservoir has been "burned." One-dimensional combustion tubes (CTs) are conventionally used to obtain important combustion parameters required for designing an air-injection project. Because of the high heat capacity of laboratory equipment designed for elevated-temperature and -pressure operation, oxygen addition or LTO reactions are promoted by the heat transfer through the core-holder walls when the laboratory tests are performed at low air-injection rates. Therefore, when operated at elevated pressures, the CTs are unable to operate at the low air fluxes required to establish the minimum possible air-injection flux while maintaining the combustion reactions in an effective mode. To address this issue, a state-of-the-art combustion cell was conceived and used as a way of addressing the previously mentioned constraints associated with high-pressure 1D CTs. A conical combustion-cell design was built because it enables continuous air-flux reductions without having to adjust the air-injection rate. The heater control strategy was also modified in order to address the lag-lead operation often used for 1D CTs. To date, the unit has operated at air fluxes down to 3 std m3/m2•h. The experimental work described in this paper provides insight into the limitations in laboratory investigations of in-situ combustion and the expected behaviour of field applications of the in-situ-combustion process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".