Groundwater treatment for high temperature heat recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems have been utilized to conserve high temperature waste heat from industrial processes. In the heat recovery phase, whenever groundwater with a high level of hardness is heated to temperatures in the range of 50 ° C or higher, heat exchanger surfaces are susceptible to scale buildup with subsequent clogging of the heat exchanger. In this study, the performance of CO 2 treatment as a means of preventing CaCO 3 scaling in heat exchangers was evaluated. The rate of CO 2 gas injected into the water was controlled by a proportional control valve to maintain a CaCO 3 saturation index of zero. The CO 2 treatment method showed a beneficial effect in controlling scaling on the brass heat exchanger tubes.Key words: aquifer thermal energy storage, CO 2 treatment, CaCO 3 scaling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".