Effects of a low-Ca<sup>2+</sup>environment on branchial chloride cell morphology in chum salmon fry and immunolocalization of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase in chloride cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To clarify the involvement of branchial chloride cells in Ca2+uptake in fresh water (FW), chloride-cell morphology was compared in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry acclimated to defined FWs with different Ca2+concentrations (0, 0.1, and 0.5 mM). Using immunocytochemical staining with an antiserum specific for Na+,K+-ATPase, chloride cells were detected in both filament and lamellar epithelia. The numbers and sizes of chloride cells in the lamellar epithelia were greater in the low-Ca2+groups (0 and 0.1 mM Ca2+) than in the normal-Ca2+groups (0.5 mM Ca2+and normal FW), whereas filament chloride cells were not affected in number or size by the environmental Ca2+concentration. Electron-microscope observations also revealed that enlarged lamellar chloride cells were more frequently observed in the 0 mM Ca2+group than in the 0.5 mM Ca2+group. To obtain morphological evidence for Ca2+uptake through the branchial epithelia, cellular localization of Ca2+-ATPase was examined with a monoclonal antibody specific for human erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase. Ca2+-ATPase immunoreactivity was detected in Na+,K+-ATPase-immunoreactive chloride cells in both filament and lamellar epithelia. Using electron-microscope immunocytochemistry, Ca2+-ATPase was found to be localized in the tubular system, which is continuous with the basolateral membrane of chloride cells. These findings indicate that chloride cells in the lamellar epithelia activated by a low Ca2+concentration may constitute the extra Ca2+and NaCl uptake capacity required to maintain homeostasis in soft water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".