Numerical analysis of seismically induced liquefaction in earth embankment foundations. Part II. Application of remedial measures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Part I, a benchmark model without any liquefaction remediation countermeasure was considered and numerical results were compared with centrifuge experiment results. In Part II, three additional models with remediation are analyzed and compared with centrifuge experiments conducted on identical models. The countermeasures considered are densification of the sand layer by compaction, gravel berm surcharge, and sheet pile enclosure. In addition to comparing numerical results with experimental data for each model, the effect of each countermeasure relative to the benchmark model is also discussed. Insights into the dynamic behavior of the employed embankmentfoundation and liquefaction countermeasure systems are provided. The results of this study show that computer simulation of earthquake effects on embankments with liquefiable foundations with and without several different retrofit measures is possible using data from conventional laboratory tests and a verified numerical procedure.Key words: liquefaction countermeasures, numerical modeling, coupled formulation, centrifuge, embankment, earthquakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".