Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes results from an experimental programme that investigated factors affecting the shaft capacity of open-ended (pipe) piles in sand. A number of jacked pile installations in a test chamber filled with loose sand were performed using both open- and closed-ended, 114 mm diameter piles. The test series was designed to investigate the effects of in situ stress level, pile end condition, and degree of plugging on the development of pile shaft resistance. The results indicate that the maximum local shaft resistance that can develop at a given location on a pipe pile may be expressed as a function of the incremental filling ratio of the soil plug during installation, the cone penetration test (CPT) qc value, and the relative position of the pile toe. The experimental results allowed a simple expression to be developed for the plug resistance during pile installation, and this is used in conjunction with a popular design method for closed-ended piles to provide a means of estimating the shaft capacity of open-ended piles. The new approach is shown to provide good estimates of overall shaft capacity and skin friction distribution.Key words: shaft capacity, pipe piles, sand.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".