Effect of synthesis parameters on thermal behavior of phenol–formaldehyde resol resin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the influence of resin synthesis parameters on the thermal behavior of low molecular weight phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resol resins prepared with different formaldehyde/phenol (F/P) molar ratios, different sodium hydroxide/phenol (NaOH/P) molar ratios, and different catalysts. As the F/P molar ratio increased, the molecular weight and activation energy increased while the gel time, peak temperature, resin pH, and nonvolatile solids content decreased. By contrast, the molecular weight, gel time, resin pH, resin solids content, and peak temperature increased with an increasing NaOH/P molar ratio. However, the activation energy decreased with an increasing NaOH/P molar ratio. The polydispersity increased with both F/P and NaOH/P ratios. Calcium hydroxide gave a faster curing resin compared to sodium and potassium hydroxides. All DSC thermograms of this study showed just a single exothermic peak for the resins that were used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1415–1424, 2002
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".