GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES; U.S.A. AND ICELAND; TECHNOLOGY, DIRECT USES, PLANTS, AND DRILLING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the state of the art in harnessing geothermal power for medium- and large-scale generation of electricity and for space heating worldwide. It reviews current, probable, possible, and potential developments in both developed and developing countries in the near future and long term. The author first reviews world energy consumption and then discusses relative contribution of energy sources in the world in OECD countries, summarizes installed geothermal capacities for electricity generation, and examines direct use of geothermal energy worldwide together with the technical potential of renewable energy sources. The central part of the article examines geothermal energy in the United States, highlighting heat flow, tectonic controls, types of geothermal systems, United States geothermal potential, geothermal energy in the United States, operating conditions for electricity generation, and environmental constraints. Then the author considers Iceland's primary power consumption, production of electricity in Iceland, low-temperature geothermal resources, and high-temperature geothermal resources. The paper then examines the Geothermal Technologies Programme in the United States, reviewing the goals of geo-science and supporting technologies, exploration and drilling research, and energy systems research and testing; enhanced geothermal systems, and direct use of geothermal energy, considering district heating, agriculture, and aquaculture applications and future developments. Finally, improving geothermal power plants is discussed and typical R&D projects are reviewed. Highlighted are such research and development projects as enhanced heat transfer in air-cooled condensers, materials research, instruments for real time monitoring of geothermal processes, plant optimization, removal of noncondensable gases from binary power plants, and silica and metals extraction. The article also discusses geothermal drilling R&D aimed at reducing drilling costs by 25∼50%.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".