Pulsed field ionization-photoion spectroscopy using two-bunch synchrotron radiation: Time-of-flight selection scheme
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have demonstrated that the time-of-flight (TOF) selection method for pulsed field ionization (PFI) photoelectron detection [Jarvis et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 2615 (1999)] can also be applied for the detection of PFI-photoions (PFI-PIs) using the two-bunch synchrotron radiation at the Advanced Light Source. By employing the supersonic beam technique to lower the translational temperature of the sample gas, we show that background prompt ions formed in direct and spontaneous autoionization processes arrive at the ion detector in a pattern similar to that of the vacuum ultraviolet light bunches. The PFI-PIs formed at dark gaps can be designed to arrive at the detector in between adjacent prompt ion peaks, enabling the gating of the PFI-PI signal with only minor contamination from background prompt ions. This experiment has revealed important considerations for the design of a general TOF selection scheme for PFI-PI detection using synchrotron radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".