Effect of divalent counterions on asymmetrically charged lipid bilayers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study an asymmetrically charged lipid bilayer in which the inner layer is negatively charged, while the outer one is neutral. In particular, we focus on the interplay between the asymmetrical charge distribution and counterion valency in determining the preferred curvature state of the bilayer. We show that, at low ionic strength, an entropic effect associated with counterion release tends to expand the inner layer-surprisingly, the excess charge of the bilayer opposes this. In the absence of multivalent ions, the entropic effect is dominant and gives rise to a tendency towards negative mean curvature. The presence of divalent counterions, however, counterbalances the entropic effect-they tend to shrink the inner layer, leading to positive mean curvature.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it