On the frequency response of a resonant-cavity-enhanced separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication avalanche photodiode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article the frequency response of a resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication (SAGCM) avalanche photodiode (APD) has been investigated. This study on APDs includes the development of a model for the avalanche buildup of carriers including the dead-space effect. In this model, the carriers are characterized by their energy and position in the region of multiplication. The excess energy of the carriers above threshold are assumed to be equally distributed among the carriers after impact ionization. The analysis shown in this article can be used to study the frequency response of the APD for a wide range of reverse bias voltages. For low bias voltages, an analytical expression has been derived to study the emission of carriers from the interface trap. The delay due to diffusion of photogenerated carriers from the undepleted region of the absorption layer and the low velocity of carriers at low field have also been considered. The model is used to calculate gains at different biases and bandwidth at different dc gains. The results show good agreement with published experimental data on a RCE SA(G)CM APD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".