Delineating the North Atlantic triangle: The Second World War and its aftermath
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract For sixty years, the phrase 'North Atlantic triangle' has been employed by Canadian scholars to describe the relations of Canada, Britain and the USA. That image was a product of its time and its originator's perspective, with particular relevance to an understanding of Canada's international relations in the Second World War and its aftermath. This paper weighs the evidence for and against the existence of a triangular relationship in the 1940s and it concludes that the geometric form conveyed an incomplete understanding at the time and it has even less relevance since then. Key Words: CanadaUSABritainNorth Atlantic Triangletradediplomacy Acknowledgements This article is based on an address to the London Conference on Canadian Studies at Canterbury Christ Church University College in Canterbury, UK on 22 October 2004. I would like to thank the organizers of that conference, most notably Dr Tony McCulloch, for the invitation to speak, as well as the participants for valuable comments. Notes 1. Keynes to Anderson, 10 August 1944, National Archives (UK), Treasury Records (T161), volume 1167, file S.5255/1. See also Granatstein (Citation1976). 2. 'Some principles of Canadian foreign policy, January 1948', in Pearson (Citation1970, pp. 67–76). Pearson himself, like his predecessors and many of his colleagues in the Canadian foreign service, had been educated and had worked in that Anglo-American milieu. Indeed, Brebner had been an "army friend and fraternity brother at Toronto", before both taught history at the University of Toronto in the 1920s (Pearson, Citation1973, p. 43). 3. Quoted in Mackenzie (Citation1997, p. 172). 4. Donald Creighton, 'John Bartlet Brebner: a man of his times', in Creighton (Citation1980, p. 169). The text originally appeared as the introduction to an edition of Brebner's book published in 1966. 5. High Commissioner in United Kingdom to Secretary of State for External Affairs, Despatch 713, 21 April 1948, in Mackenzie (Citation1994, pp. 1504–1510). Additional informationNotes on contributorsHector Mackenzie Hector Mackenzie is Senior Departmental Historian at Foreign Affairs Canada. The opinions expressed in this article are his and not necessarily the views of Foreign Affairs Canada.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it