MétaCan
Menu
Back to cohort
Record W2030978335 · doi:10.4138/2784

Relict seawater as a source of stratified groundwater in glaciated estuarine valleys: an example from Fredericton Junction, New Brunswick

2006· article· en· W2030978335 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
G. Giudice, B. E. Broster

Bibliographic record

VenueAtlantic Geology · 2006
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicClimate change and permafrost
Canadian institutionsUniversity of New Brunswick
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGeologyAquiferGroundwater rechargeBedrockGroundwaterBrackish waterSaline waterHydrology (agriculture)Artesian aquiferOceanographyGeochemistryGeomorphologySalinity

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Recent investigations of the local geology and hydrogeological environment for the Village of Fredericton Junction, New Brunswick, identified a lower bedrock aquifer as the main water supply aquifer for both municipal and domestic wells. Within the aquifer, potable water overlies brackish water that increases in salinity at depth. The aquifer is overlain mostly by fine-grained glacial sediments that limit recharge to the lower bedrock aquifer. Recharge to the bedrock aquifer primarily occurs at outcrops along local rivers and from deeper regional groundwater systems. While nearby rivers receive run-off from local roads and municipal areas, geochemistry of the brackish water does not support this water as a source of the saline contamination. Examination of drill records from groundwater exploration within the Carboniferous sedimentary bedrock of New Brunswick indicates that groundwater is commonly stratified, forming a surface zone of fresh water overlying a zone of saline water at depth. While saline intrusion of aquifers is known to be a hazard for coastal communities from disturbance to the freshwater/saltwater interface, drilling records indicate that glaciated estuarine valleys may be especially at risk to salinization exacerbated by unrestricted exploitation. Drilling data demonstrate that saline water is most frequently encountered along valleys that were estuaries during the Late Wisconsinan glaciation, approximately 14 000– 12 000 years ago. During that time, many inland valleys were open to the ocean and surrounded by masses of melting ice. It is proposed that saline water from that time has remained preferentially in pockets within the bedrock underlying these valleys.
 
 RÉSUMÉ
 
 De récentes études de la géologie régionale et du milieu hydrogéologique du village de Fredericton Junction, au Nouveau-Brunswick, ont permis de repérer une formation aquifère du substratum rocheux inférieur, qui est la principale source d'eau du réseau d'aqueduc municipal et des puits résidentiels environnants. Dans cette formation aquifère, l'eau potable est sus-jacente à l'eau saumâtre, laquelle gagne en salinité en profondeur. La formation aquifère est recouverte essentiellement par des sédiments glaciaires à grain fin qui limite la recharge à la formation aquifère du substratum rocheux inférieur. La recharge de la formation aquifère du substratum rocheux survient principalement par des affleurements rocheux observés en bordure des cours d'eau de la région et de réseaux hydriques souterrains régionaux plus profonds. Les rivières environnantes reçoivent les eaux de ruissellement des chemins et des approches de la municipalité, mais les propriétés géochimiques de l'eau saumâtre ne permettent pas de désigner cette eau comme la source de la contamination saline. L'examen des travaux de forage d'exploration d'eau souterraine dans le substratum rocheux du Carbonifère du Nouveau-Brunswick, indique que l'eau souterraine se présente souvent sous forme de nappes et forme un horizon d'eau douce qui se superpose à une zone d'eau salée située en profondeur. L'infiltration de l'eau salée dans une formation aquifère est certes un danger pour les collectivités habitant une zone côtière, eu égard à la perturbation causée par le mélange de l'eau douce et de l'eau salée, mais les données de forage indiquent que les vallées glaciaires estuariennes peuvent être particulièrement exposées à une contamination par l'eau salée, une situation que peut aggraver une exploitation non balisée des ressources en eau. Les données de forage indiquent par ailleurs que la présence de l'eau salée est surtout observée en bordure de vallées qui formaient des estuaires à l'époque de la glaciation du Wisconsin supérieur, il y a environ entre 14 000 et 12 000 ans. Au cours de cette période, un grand nombre de vallées à l'intérieur des terres donnaient sur l'océan et étaient entourées de masses de glace fondante. Il est suggéré que l'eau salée datant de cette époque a été confinée selon toute vraisemblance dans des poches du substratum rocheux sous-jacent de ces vallées.
 
 [Traduit par la rédaction]

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Direct model labels (unvalidated)

Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.

Model armCategoriesStudy designConfidence
gemmano category
Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical
About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: yes
Observationallow
gptno category
Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical
About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: yes
Observationalhigh
models agreeAgreement compares identical category sets and study designs across arms.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.024
Threshold uncertainty score0.993

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0080.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.029
GPT teacher head0.218
Teacher spread0.189 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Labeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations2
Published2006
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

Explore more

Same venueAtlantic GeologySame topicClimate change and permafrostFrench-language works237,207