Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper examines the distribution of the older beneficiaries of state social security programmes, with particular attention to the UK, the US and Australia. These data have not previously been analysed by a migration researcher, provide a partial source on international retirement moves, and make clear that several processes and types contribute to the international dispersal of a country's retirement population. They show that ‘return’ and ‘family‐joining’ migrations are the predominant form, and that their forms and destinations are changing. The British increasingly select European destinations at the expense of the formerly dominant destinations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The US continues to be a leading destination for British and German retirees. European data also show that ‘amenity‐seeking’ retirement moves from northern to Mediterranean countries have increased rapidly in recent decades and are growing faster than other types of retirement migration. Social security records also reveal new patterns of return migrations – the number of British pensioners in several Caribbean countries is increasing rapidly, and high shares of Australian overseas migrants are in Mediterranean countries such as Italy, Greece and Malta. Given the paucity of research on these emergent migration flows, the paper concludes by discussing both the prospects for their growth and research priorities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it