Optimizing the photovoltage of polymer/zinc oxide hybrid solar cells by calcium doping
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The voltage produced by an excitonic solar cell, such as an organic or a hybrid organic/inorganic solar cell is limited by the difference in potential energy between the state occupied by the electron in the acceptor (conduction band minimum (CBM)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) and that occupied by the hole in the donor (valence band maximum/highest occupied molecular orbital). Calcium doping of sol-gel ZnO has been used to change the electron affinity of the ZnO acceptor in ZnO/poly(3-hexyl thiophene) hybrid solar cells. The band gap of the mixed oxide system increases with Ca fraction, with most of this attributable to movement of the conduction band minimum toward the vacuum, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy and Kelvin probe. In planar bilayer cells using Zn0.9Ca0.1O as the acceptor, the open circuit voltage can be increased by 0.24 V, and the efficiency doubled compared to devices using pure ZnO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".