Spinal Radiographic Changes in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Association with Clinical Characteristics and Functional Outcome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine which patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have radiographic spinal damage and to investigate the relation between radiographic spinal changes and limitations in physical function. METHODS: A cross-sectional nationwide study in Belgium of patients with AS under the care of a rheumatologist. The treating physician completed a questionnaire including clinical disease manifestations and laboratory findings (HLA-B27 and C-reactive protein), and classified spinal radiographs into 3 categories: (1) no AS-related spinal abnormalities; (2) syndesmophytes; and (3) spinal ankylosis. Patients completed the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI). Ordinal regressions were performed to quantify the relationship between clinical manifestations and spinal radiographic changes. Generalized linear models were computed to quantify relationships among clinical manifestations, radiographic spinal changes, and functioning (BASFI). RESULTS: A total of 619 patients fulfilled modified New York criteria for definite AS and had evaluable radiographic data; 68% were male and disease duration was 17.5 (SD 12.2) years. Male sex, younger age at symptom onset, and hip involvement were associated with radiographic changes; but HLA-B27, peripheral arthritis, and extraarticular disease status (uveitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease) were not. Older age, BASDAI, hip involvement, and spinal change contributed to BASFI; but sex, disease duration, peripheral arthritis, and extraarticular manifestations did not. CONCLUSION: Radiographic spinal changes in patients with AS are seen more often in men and those with hip involvement. BASFI status indicates the influence of radiographic changes and hip involvement, but does not reflect the presence of peripheral arthritis and does not differ between men and women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".