A New Viscoelastic Surfactant for High Temperature Carbonate Acidizing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Diverting agents have been widely used during matrix acidizing treatments to accomplish the uniform distribution of acid solutions across the target zones. One of the most popular formulas is based on viscoelastic surfactants (VES) which showed good results in the lab and field tests. A major limitation with the conventional VES is temperature. Most of these surfactants do not hold viscosity at temperatures greater than 250°F. A new VES that can be used at higher temperatures was developed. The apparent viscosity of the spent VES-based acids was measured as a function of temperature and shear rate at 300 psi. Various corrosion inhibitors were mixed together with the new VES to find out the most compatible formula. A coreflood test was conducted on a 20 in. long carbonate core to examine the performance of the new surfactant. The core was CAT scanned before and after the experiment to observe the wormholes created by the new system. The acid contained 20 wt% HCl and 4 vol% VES. Spent acids of the new VES had a high viscosity up to 325°F. Several corrosion inhibitors were identified that can be mixed with the new system without affecting the apparent viscosity of the spent acid. Similar to current VES, mutual solvent is recommended in the post flush to reduce the fluid viscosity and remove any gel from the core. CAT scan of the core show wider and tortuous wormholes, indicative of good retardation of the new VES-based acid system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".