The Effects of Prolonged Exercise with and without a Thermal Clamp on Extracellular Hsp72 Concentration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is released into the circulation during exercise and is proposed to constitute part of the stress response, with possible roles in the modulation of innate immunity (Fleshner, M and Johnson, J.D (2005) Int. J. Hyperthermia 21: 457–471). Whilst other exercise related stressors (in addition to heat) appear capable of inducing intracellular Hsp72, it is unclear as to the stimulus of Hsp72 release during exercise, since exercise is often accompanied by a rise in core temperature. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of prolonged exercise with and without a thermal clamp on extracellular Hsp72 (eHsp72) concentration. METHODS: Eleven healthy male volunteers (mean ± SEM: age; 21 ± 1 yrs, height; 180 ±2 cm, mass; 75.7 ±2.1 kg, VO2max 57.8 ± 1 ml.kg−1. min−1) completed three 2 h water immersion trials (immersed to shoulder level) in a random order and separated by 7 d. Trials were thermoneutral exercise (TE: water temperature 36°C) cold exercise (CE: 24°C), and hot seated (HS: 39°C). Exercise trials (TE and CE) comprised deep water running at 58.4 ±0.7 and 59.2 ±0.5 % VO2max. EDTAblood samples were collected at pre, post and 1 h post immersion. eHsp72 concentrations were determined using ELISA (Stressgen, Canada). Data were analyzed using a trial by time repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's HSD and Bonferroni comparisons where appropriate. RESULTS: Rectal temperature was successfully clamped on the CE trial (−0.01°C) and rose by 2.23°C on the TE trial and 2.31°C on the HS trial. All trials induced an eHsp72 response (TE p<0.01, CE and HS p<0.05 vs. pre-immersion). The immediately post immersion eHsp72 concentration was highest in the TE trial and was significantly greater than HS (TE 6.52 +1.1 ng/ml; HS 2.99 + 0.67 ng/ml p<0.05). Although eHsp72 concentration immediately post immersion was higher in TE versus CE (CE 3.85 + 0.78 ng/ml), this did not reach significance (p>0.05). eHsp72 concentrations remained elevated 1h after immersion in all trials (p<0.05) with no inter-trial differences observed. CONCLUSION: Given that exercising with a thermal clamp evoked similar increases in plasma eHsp72 concentration to passive heat stress, exercise related stressors other than heat may also be involved in the extracellular Hsp72 response to exercise. Furthermore, these effects appear to be additive during exercise accompanied by a rise in core temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".