A 5GS/s 4-bit time-based single-channel CMOS ADC for radio astronomy
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 4-bit 65nm time-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) targeting the next-generation Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is presented. This ADC is composed of an analog voltage-to-time converter (VTC) front end and a digital time-to-digital converter (TDC) back end. The two components can be physically separated to minimize the impact of digital noise from the ADC on high-gain, high-sensitivity receiver chains common in radio telescopes. At a sampling rate of 5 GS/s the ADC consumes 35 mW from a 1 V supply. After calibration, the ADC achieves a peak SNDR of 22.9 dB, SFDR of 34.0 dB and ENOB of 3.5. At the ERBW of 2100 MHz, SNDR is 18.4 dB, SFDR is 22.3 dB and ENOB is 2.8. The resulting worst-case figure of merit is 1.0 pJ/conversion. This is the highest reported sampling rate for a time-based ADC to date.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it