Molecular Dynamics Simulations of DPPC/CTAB Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An atomistic-level understanding of cationic lipid monolayers is essential for development of gene delivery agents based on cationic micelle-like structures. We employ molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a detailed atomistic study of lipid monolayers composed of both pure zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and a mixture of DPPC and cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at the air/water interface. We aim to investigate how the composition of the DPPC/CTAB monolayers affects their structural and electrostatic properties in the liquid-expanded phase. By varying the molar fraction of CTAB, we found the cationic CTAB lipids have significant condensing effect on the DPPC/CTAB monolayers, i.e., at the same surface tension or surface pressure, monolayers with higher CTAB molar fraction have smaller area per lipid. The DPPC/CTAB monolayers are also able to achieve negative surface tension without introducing buckling into the monolayer structure. We also found the condensing effect is caused by the interplay between the cationic CTAB headgroups and the zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) headgroups which has electrostatic origin. With CTAB in its vicinity, the P-N vector of PC headgroups reorients from being parallel to the monolayer plane to a more vertical orientation. Moreover, detailed analysis of the structural properties of the monolayers, such as the density profile analysis, hydrogen bonding analysis, chain order parameter calculations, and radial distribution function calculations were also performed for better understanding of cationic DPPC/CTAB monolayers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".