Molecular polarizabilities in aqueous proton transfer reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dipole polarizabilities of individual ions and molecules are computed from first principles in three condensed-phase systems: pure water, pure hydrofluoric acid, and an equimolar mixture of water and hydrofluoric acid in which HF is mostly ionized. We find that the polarizability of fluorine and oxygen centers varies linearly with the value of the bond order, which measures the local degree of advancement of the ionization reaction F-H+H(2)O<==>[F(delta-).H.(delta+)OH(2)]<==>F(-)+H(3)O(+). This observation explains the validity of the Lorentz-Lorenz formula for mixtures of acids and water and could have important practical consequences concerning the construction of empirical polarizable reactive force fields. Our results are consistent with the Mulliken charge-transfer picture of proton transfer reactions. The present results also suggest that the average isotropic polarizability of a chemical entity changes substantially only when that entity is involved in charge-transfer processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".