A new model of isolated systolic hypertension induced by chronic warfarin and vitamin K1 treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Isolated systolic hypertension is the predominant form of hypertension in the elderly population. Reduction of arterial compliance appears to contribute to the elevation of pulse pressure (PP) and among potential mechanisms, gradual vascular calcification, fragmentation of elastic lamellae, and augmentation of rigid component like collagen could contribute to increase aortic stiffening. Few experimental models of the disease are currently available. METHODS: To induce large artery calcification, rats were treated with warfarin and vitamin K(1) (WK) for 4 and 8 weeks, to inhibit the maturation of matrix Gla protein. The impact of chronic PP elevation was determined on large artery and cardiac remodeling and on aortic endothelial function. RESULTS: The WK treatment led to aortic medial calcification and a proportional elevation of PP, attributable mainly to a selective elevation of systolic blood pressure. The chronic treatment also increased collagen, whereas elastin decreased in the aorta. Pulse wave velocity, an index of aortic stiffening, increased in rats treated with WK. However, indices of left ventricular and aortic hypertrophy and remodeling remained normal. In addition, the WK treatment did not modify the vasoconstriction to norepinephrine and endothelin-1, and the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic treatment with WK represents a new model of isolated systolic hypertension with several characteristics of the human disease. The relative ease to induce calcification in this model may help to foster more fundamental research, which is lacking in this type of hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".