Experimental Study of Heavy Oil-Water Flow Structure Effects on Relative Permeabilities in a Fracture Filled with Heavy Oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fracture dominated two-phase flow is important not only for naturally fractured petroleum reservoirs but also for underground disposal of radioactive waste, geothermal hydrotransport, as well as underground water and aquifer flow. In contrast with gas-liquid flow in a single fracture, the flow of heavy oil and water received rather less attention. In this research an experimental apparatus was built to study the flow of water in presence of heavy oil in a smooth-walled fracture and display the different flow patterns under different flow conditions. Also the relationship between different flow pattern and relative permeability curves in a single fracture was investigated. The results were compared with available relative permeability models such as segregated/lubrication model, viscous coupling model, X (stick) curve model, Corey model and T-C model. The comparison leads to the conclusion that there is high interference between the phases flowing through the fracture. The results show that different phases can flow in both continuous and discontinuous forms. Also studying the flow of oil and water under different flow patterns shows that the oil-water relative permeability is not just a function of the fluid saturations but also the fluid properties and flow pattern within the fracture itself.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".