HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GAGS IN ALTERED TENDON: A MEANS TO EVALUATE THE DEGREE OF PATHOLOGY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The social and economic consequences of injured tendons have long been recognised. In particular, patellar tendinopathy is often recalcitrant to standard treatment, highlighting the need for prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim at minimising tissue alteration and protecting tendon structure and function. This relies on a pertinent diagnostic of the degree of pathology. A means to correlate anatomical and biochemical properties of injured tendon to the extent of the pathology is thus important to acquire. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), along with the proteoglycan aggrecan, are known to increase with tendon pathology, indicating a shift of tenocytes towards a chondroïd phenotype. It could be postulated that the amount of GAGs correlates with the degree of pathology of patellar tendon assessed by the VISA Score. Methods Analysis of total and specific GAGs using a DiMethyl Methylene Blue histochemical technique and immuno-histological technique with antibodies against Dermatan Sulfate, Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparan Sulfate and proteoglycans (PG) (decorin, versican and aggrecan) respectively were performed on normal and pathological tendon sections from rat supraspinatus and human patellar tendons. Results As observed in rat overused supraspinatus tendon, total GAGs as well as Dermatan and Chondroitin sulfate were increased in human pathological patellar tendon. Correlatively, PGs such as decorin, and above all versican and aggrecan were also enhanced. Amounts of GAGs and aggrecan found in tendons changed with the Visa score of patellar tendons. A correlation was established between VISA score and the amount of GAGs. This correlation allowed us to verify the correct sampling of patient tendons and was predictive for the extent of pathology of unclassified tendon samples. Conclusion This study underscores the importance of excessive GAGs in relation to tendon pain and function. Accurate GAG assessment would represent a help in establishing a reliable diagnostic of patellar tendinopathy as a complement of the Visa score. This knowledge may be useful in stimulating the development of more sensitive imaging modalities capable of detecting early changes in the composition of tendon extracellular matrix.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".