Coupled Diffusion of Mixed Methanol + Ethanol Clusters in Carbon Tetrachloride Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients are measured for methanol + ethanol + carbon tetrachloride solutions at 25 °C and 0.200 mol dm -3 of total alcohol. The alcohol components in these solutions diffuse as free MeOH and EtOH molecules in local equilibrium with hydrogen-bonded alcohol clusters. Although each alcohol cotransports the other alcohol in the form of mixed (MeOH) n (EtOH) m clusters, negative cross-diffusion coefficients for this system indicate that each mole of diffusing alcohol drives counterflows of up to 0.5 mol of the other alcohol. The results are interpreted by relating the measured total alcohol fluxes to the fluxes of the alcohol monomers and associated species. Added ethanol increases the concentrations of the mixed clusters but reduces the concentrations of the MeOH monomers. The resulting flux of MeOH monomers up the ethanol gradient exceeds the flux of the larger, less-mobile associated methanol species down the ethanol gradient, producing a net counterflow of methanol. Similarly, methanol gradients produce counterflows of ethanol. Binary diffusion in methanol + carbon tetrachloride and ethanol + carbon tetrachloride solutions is also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".