Liquid-Phase Behavior during the Cracking of Asphaltenes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asphaltenic material from Athabasca bitumen, with and without fine solids, was reacted at 430 °C under a nitrogen environment in the liquid phase, mixed with either 1-methyl naphthalene or maltene fractions from Athabasca. Phase behavior during coke formation was investigated by examining the coke produced from selected reactions by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both fine solids and solvents were found to assist the dispersion of liquid coke spheres in an oil medium. Phase inversion, to an oil-in-coke structure, was observed in some sections of coke produced from pure asphaltenes. The thermodynamic feasibility of phase inversion was confirmed by calculating the entropy difference for a set of representative conditions. Qualitatively, as the volume fraction of coke increases, the probability of a phase inversion is increased. This result agrees with the behavior of polymer blends, where phase inversion occurs at high concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".