Liquid-Phase Behavior during the Cracking of Asphaltenes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asphaltenic material from Athabasca bitumen, with and without fine solids, was reacted at 430 °C under a nitrogen environment in the liquid phase, mixed with either 1-methyl naphthalene or maltene fractions from Athabasca. Phase behavior during coke formation was investigated by examining the coke produced from selected reactions by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both fine solids and solvents were found to assist the dispersion of liquid coke spheres in an oil medium. Phase inversion, to an oil-in-coke structure, was observed in some sections of coke produced from pure asphaltenes. The thermodynamic feasibility of phase inversion was confirmed by calculating the entropy difference for a set of representative conditions. Qualitatively, as the volume fraction of coke increases, the probability of a phase inversion is increased. This result agrees with the behavior of polymer blends, where phase inversion occurs at high concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".