How does the scattering from an empty cylinder change with the level of filling?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The acoustic scattering from elastic objects features in many tasks stretching from the use of sonar to search for underwater objects such as submarines and mines to the inspection of shipping containers and cargo screening. The properties of canonical objects, such as cylindrical and spherical shells, which are completely filled with fluid, or immersed in fluid, have been widely studied, but typically stop short of studying shells containing different levels of filling. Not knowing the extent of the effect of filling on the scattering from different objects can limit how well one can discriminate between similar objects or inspect the interior of objects and, for example, find contraband or other suspicious materials. This paper looks at the two-dimensional response of a partially filled elastic cylinder. A computational method to model non-uniform domains is introduced and the use of perfectly matched layers is discussed. Results are shown for combinations of cylinders and different levels of filling. In particular, we show how the response of the cylinder depends on the level of the filling. The results are used to comment on the usefulness, or otherwise, of the response to estimate the nature and level of filling based on short- or long-range observations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".