Synthesis, secretion and biological actions of the glucagon-like peptides
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptides-1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2) are co-encoded along with glucagon in a single mammalian proglucagon gene that is expressed in islets and enteroendocrine L cells of the small and large intestine. Both peptides are liberated following cleavage by prohormone convertase 1/3 and secreted from the intestine following nutrient ingestion. A key determinant of GLP-1 and GLP-2 bioactivity is the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, which inactivates both peptides by cleavage at the position-2 alanine. GLP-1 regulates blood glucose via actions on gastric emptying and islet hormones, including the regulation of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion. GLP-1 action is essential for beta-cell function, because the disruption of GLP-1 signaling results in reduced insulin secretion, decreased islet cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and abnormal intracellular calcium oscillations. GLP-1 also decreases appetite and induces satiety in human subjects, and inhibits food intake in rodents following intracerebroventricular administration. GLP-2 does not appear to directly regulate blood glucose, but contributes to nutrient assimilation via trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa. GLP-2 also decreases apoptosis in the crypts and villi, reduces intestinal epithelial permeability, and promotes intestinal glucose transport. The actions of GLP-1 and GLP-2 in experimental models of diabetes or intestinal injury, respectively, suggest that GLP-1 may be useful for the treatment of human diabetes, whereas GLP-2 may be of therapeutic benefit in patients with intestinal injury and compromised nutrient assimilation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it