Imaging Hydrated Albumin on a Polystyrene−Poly(methyl methacrylate) Blend Surface with X-ray Spectromicroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) adsorbed to thin films of phase-segregated polystyrene (PS)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was examined under hydrated and dry environments with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Quantitative mapping of the protein and polymer components at 30 nm spatial resolution was achieved using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectral contrast at the C 1s edge. Under fully hydrated conditions (0.005 mg/mL HSA), adsorbed HSA thicknesses in excess of its crystallographic dimensions suggest bilayer adsorption to the polar PMMA regions. Upon washing, these loosely bound protein molecules adsorbed to PMMA were removed. Upon drying, the thickness of HSA on the nonpolar PS region decreased by approximately 40%, indicative of conformational changes. It is suggested that this change occurs due to the free energy gain from the ability of the protein to unfold on the less crowded PS surface.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".