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Record W2032842363 · doi:10.1109/mspec.2005.1436996

Bugged balls for tough calls [ball tracking systems]

2005· article· en· W2032842363 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueIEEE Spectrum · 2005
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicBluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies
Canadian institutionsUniversité du Québec à MontréalInstitut National de la Recherche Scientifique
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBall (mathematics)TransmitterRelayElectrical engineeringComputer scienceEngineeringAcousticsTelecommunicationsPhysicsMathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper presents a soccer ball containing a transmitter that reveals the exact location of the ball on the pitch. It is a coin-size radio transmitter that broadcasts a pulsed signal in the 2.4 gigahertz band to a dozen receivers mounted on floodlight masts and near the sidelines. The receivers relay the pulses to a central computer, which then calculates the ball's exact location. The main goal of this transmitter is to help referees with tough calls, such as when a goalkeeper intercepts a ball on the fly after it has crossed the goal line. In such a case, the system would send a vibratory alert to a special wristwatch worn by the referee, signaling that the ball went over the goal.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.940
Threshold uncertainty score0.609

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0020.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.027
GPT teacher head0.262
Teacher spread0.235 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it