Cost of establishing and maintaining a bed in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study sought to determine the direct and indirect costs of hospitalization incurred by the provider and consumer in a public funded tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. The cost per hospital bed per day in both medical and mixed specialty wards was determined in terms of infrastructure, manpower, diagnostic investigations, drugs and utilities, and the cost to the hospitalized individual in terms of transport, food, drugs, investigations, and indirect costs such as time and material requirements of relatives or friends resulting from and associated with the hospitalization. The average daily cost per occupied bed to the institution amounted to Rs. 777 (US $ 18.95) per day. The average cost borne by the patient was Rs. 1,071 (US $ 26.10) per day or 58 percent of the total daily cost of a (medical) bed. A disproportionate share of this expense was under specific subheadings, namely purchase of medicines, laboratory services, transportation and food. Study findings confirm that in contrast to stated national policy, stationary health care is not only not free but that the consumer may end up directly paying more than the state for the services she/he receives.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it