Cost of establishing and maintaining a bed in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study sought to determine the direct and indirect costs of hospitalization incurred by the provider and consumer in a public funded tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan. The cost per hospital bed per day in both medical and mixed specialty wards was determined in terms of infrastructure, manpower, diagnostic investigations, drugs and utilities, and the cost to the hospitalized individual in terms of transport, food, drugs, investigations, and indirect costs such as time and material requirements of relatives or friends resulting from and associated with the hospitalization. The average daily cost per occupied bed to the institution amounted to Rs. 777 (US $ 18.95) per day. The average cost borne by the patient was Rs. 1,071 (US $ 26.10) per day or 58 percent of the total daily cost of a (medical) bed. A disproportionate share of this expense was under specific subheadings, namely purchase of medicines, laboratory services, transportation and food. Study findings confirm that in contrast to stated national policy, stationary health care is not only not free but that the consumer may end up directly paying more than the state for the services she/he receives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".