Spectral dependence of the response time of sea state to local wind forcing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bistatic remote sensing using L-band GPS signals has been proposed as an alternative to using microwave radiometers and monostatic radar scatterometers for spaceborne ocean surface windspeed measurements. L-band scattered signals are sensitive to waves with longer wavelengths than are the signals sensed by conventional radiometers and scatterometers, which typically operate at higher frequencies. It is known that longer surface waves take more time to respond to surface winds, propagate further before decaying, and are generally less directly coupled to the local wind field. These factors could affect the ability of scattered GPS L-band signals to retrieve local wind fields. In this work, we attempt to quantify the relationship between the longwave spectrum and local winds by examining windspeed and surface slope measurements by buoys. Specifically, by applying a lag-correlator, it is observed that the average lag time decreases monotonically as the ocean surface wavelength decreases. It is found that 1 hour serves as a conservative bound on the average response time of L-band waves to local wind forcing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".