Large variability in the concentration of mycosporine‐like amino acids among zooplankton from lakes located across an altitude gradient
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative composition of mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), a family of intracellular UV‐absorbing compounds, were investigated in zooplankton from 15 lakes located in the Central Alps between 913 and 2,485 m above sea level. The lakes differed in their UV water transparency (1% attenuation depth, Z 1% , at 320 nm: 1.1–25.6 m) and maximum depth (Z max : 3–133 m), thus offering the possibility to test the influence of different UV exposure conditions of zooplankton on the concentration of MAAs. Seven distinct MAAs were detected, but shinorine (maximum absorption: 334 nm) was the predominant compound. In the copepods Cyclops abyssorum , C. abyssorum tatricus , and Acanthodiaptomus denticornis , the total MAA concentration ranged from 0.01 to 3.1% of the dry weight. In the rotifers Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra dolichoptera , MAAs were also found; however, these compounds were undetectable in Asplanchna priodonta as well as in the cladocerans Daphnia hyalina , D. longispina , Bosmina longispina , and Chydorus sphaericus . The total concentration of MAAs in populations of Cyclops spp. and phytoplankton collected simultaneously was not associated (r 2 = 0.09, P > 0.05), suggesting a different dynamic in the accumulation of these compounds. The variability in the concentration of MAAs, however, was related with the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 320 nm (r 2 = 0.74, P < 0.001) and the fraction of the water column to which 1% of the surface irradiance at 320 nm (Z 1% : Z max ) penetrated (r 2 = 0.86, P < 0.001). These relationships suggest that the prevailing UV exposure condition in the lakes is a major determinant of the concentration of MAAs found in zooplankton. Our data support the hypothesis that MAAs, together with other photoprotective compounds, play a major role in minimizing the damaging effects of solar UV radiation in zooplankton from transparent lakes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it