SKI, SNOWBOARD AND SNOWBLADE INJURIES IN EASTERN CANADA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify all injuries to winter sports participants at an Eastern ski resort and report the unique injury patterns of snowbladers compared to skiers and snowboarders. The use of helmets in these sports was examined to determine their effect on injury to the head and neck. This prospective case-series observational study was conducted by collecting the injury reports from the ski patrol during the 1999–2000 season at Mont Tremblant ski resort, Mont Tremblant, Quebec. All participants in downhill winter sports who presented themselves to the ski patrol unit with traumatic injury related to their sport during the 1999–2000 season were included. An injury was defined as a sport related event that caused symptoms severe enough for the participant to present to the ski patrol. A concussion was defined as any loss of consciousness, amnesia, confusion, disorientation, vertigo or headache that resulted from injury while participating in activity at the resort. The ski patroller reported helmet use on the accident report at the time of injury. We found head injury resulted in a large number of reported concussions. There was no difference found in concussion incidence between those wearing and those not wearing a helmet, however this study did not take into account concussion grade. There was no increase in other injury, including neck injury, related to helmet use. Snowbladers present with a unique pattern of injury compared to skiers and snowboarders. 20.5% of injuries were to the leg, 25.6% to the knee and 10.3% to the ankle and foot. They also had 14.1% of injuries to the shoulder, slightly higher than that of skiers or snowboarders. In conclusion, the high incidence of concussion resulting from activity on the ski hill needs to be addressed by researchers to determine whether helmets can be optimally designed to be protective against head injury. Education programs need to be in place to raise awareness of the risks involved in aerial and speed activities. Snowblade manufacturers need to aware of the high incidence of lower limb injuries and redesign the equipment to make it safer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".