Spreading of the Labrador Sea Water to the Irminger and Iceland basins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Labrador Sea Water (LSW) is a principal convectively‐formed water mass of the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA). Using extensive oceanographic archives we demonstrate striking changes in SPNA caused by massive LSW production during 1987–1994 and document recent salinification and warming, imminently bringing SPNA to the state last time seen in the 1960s. Two prominent LSW classes are spreading across SPNA since the 1980s. The first, record dense, deep, and voluminous, class has been progressively built by intense winter convection through 1987–1994. Even though most of this LSW has left SPNA, its remnants are still present there. The second, shallower, class strengthens in 2000; over subsequent years its core becomes slightly thicker and deepens. The anomalous signals acquired by these LSW classes in their formation region arrive in the Irminger and Iceland basins with the characteristic delays of two and five years for deeper LSW and a year and four years for shallower LSW.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".