Size distribution and estimated optical properties of carbonate, water soluble organic carbon, and sulfate in aerosols at a remote high altitude site in western China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements at the GAW station in western China reveal the levels and size distributions of chemical components in aerosols. The results indicate similarly high levels of three components, water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Ca2++CO3=, and NH4++SO4=. Both WSOC and SO4= show a dominant accumulation mode, with a geometric mean mode diameter Dg of 0.41 and 0.34 µm and geometric standard deviation σsgof 0.31 and 0.33, respectively. This mode makes up >70% of the total mass of both species. In comparison, Ca2+and CO3= show a prominent coarse mode with Dg of 2.98 and 1.76 µm and σsg of 0.29 and 0.22, respectively, that accounts for >60% of the mass. Based on these characteristics, estimates of the volume scatter coefficient β, direct back scatter coefficient βπ, and mass scattering efficiency ϕ for each component were made, assuming external mixing and optical and growth characteristics of corresponding pure chemical compounds. The results show that NH4++SO4= has the largest β, βπ, and ϕ (median 1760×10−8 m−1, 79×10−8 m−1 sr−1, and 6.9 m² g−1, respectively). It is followed by WSOC with 1470×10−8 m−1, 30×10−8 m−1 sr−1, and 5.3 m² g−1 for β, βπ, and ϕ, respectively. Ca2++CO3= has only about 10% of the β and ϕ values but 20% of the βϕ of NH4++SO4= respectively. For both NH4++SO4= and WSOC, the mass scattering efficiency ϕ is inversely related to their Dg between the size range of 0.2–0.45 µm.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".