The CO Molecular Outflows of IRAS 16293−2422 Probed by the Submillimeter Array
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have mapped the protobinary source IRAS 16293–2422 in CO 2-1, 13 CO 2-1, and CO 3-2 with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). The maps with resolution of 1.5''-5'' reveal a single small-scale (~3000 AU) bipolar molecular outflow along the east-west direction. We found that the blueshifted emission of this small-scale outflow mainly extends to the east and the redshifted emission to the west from the position of IRAS 16293A. A comparison with the morphology of the large-scale outflows previously observed by single-dish telescopes at millimeter wavelengths suggests that the small-scale outflow may be the inner part of the large-scale (~15,000 AU) east-west outflow. On the other hand, there is no clear counterpart of the large-scale northeast-southwest outflow in our SMA maps. Comparing analytical models to the data suggests that the morphology and kinematics of the small-scale outflow can be explained by a wide-angle wind with an inclination angle of ~30°-40° with respect to the plane of the sky. The high-resolution CO maps show that there are two compact, bright spots in the blueshifted velocity range. An LVG analysis shows that the one located 1'' to the east of source A is extremely dense, n (H 2 ) ~10 7 cm −3 , and warm, T kin > 55 K. The other one located 1 '' southeast of source B has a higher temperature of T kin > 65 K but slightly lower density of n (H 2 ) ~10 6 cm −3 . It is likely that these bright spots are associated with the hot core-like emission observed toward IRAS 16293. Since both bright spots are blueshifted from the systemic velocity and are offset from the protostellar positions, they are likely formed by shocks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".