Electrostatically directed liposome adsorption, internalization and fusion on hydrogel microparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers have found a diverse range of applications in understanding membrane biophysics, biosensor development, drug screening, and drug delivery. While silica has been the most frequently used supporting material, hydrogels might act as a superior alternative not only because of their soft nature allowing better interfacing with transmembrane proteins but also their porous interior for molecular containment. Unlike silica, where neutral and even same charged liposomes can readily fuse, electrostatic attraction is crucial for liposome fusion onto hydrogels. In addition to fusion, we systematically characterized other interactions including liposome adsorption onto and diffusion into hydrogels. The fused membrane forms a continuous bilayer for the most part, which is demonstrated by the observation that the diffusion of DNA is blocked but small dyes could still enter the gel. The kinetics of liposome–gel interaction is characterized using calcein loaded liposomes, where liposome rupture is observed only when the oppositely charged gel is added. With this work, a more complete picture about the interaction between liposomes and hydrogels is obtained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".