Super Dual Auroral Radar Network observations of ionospheric multicell convection during northward interplanetary magnetic field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There have been a number of reports on the ionospheric convection during northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Multicell convection patterns with two reverse cells within the polar cap have been derived from statistical magnetometer data and individual satellite passes over the high‐latitude ionosphere. The reverse convection cells are also reproduced with some data assimilation techniques. However, there have been few direct observations of complete reverse cells. In this paper, we present HF radar observations of ionospheric convection with two reverse cells in the winter hemisphere during northward IMF. The prenoon reverse cell is focused around 1000 magnetic local time (MLT) near 82° magnetic latitude; the postnoon reverse cell is focused around 1400 MLT near 82° magnetic latitude. The reverse convection cells are stable as long as the IMF is stable. The focus location of the reverse cells does not show noticeable change when the IMF By component has different signs. The ionospheric convection at lower latitudes with the normal two‐cell rotational sense for southward IMF is also observed. In particular, the clockwise convection cell is focused around 1800 MLT near 77° magnetic latitude. The reversal boundary of the low‐latitude convection during northward IMF appears at around 77°–78° magnetic latitude in both the morning and afternoon sectors. It is observed that the reverse cells take ∼10 min to form after a northward turning of the IMF. Our observations show that the four‐cell convection does exist during strongly northward IMF.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".